Bolts are used to join two or more pieces of metal, wood, plastic or other materials together. They're an essential part of many products we use on a daily basis, from cars and buildings to furniture and appliances.
Welding is stronger than bolts because it involves exciting atoms in the materials, allowing them to combine and form new bonds. This process is much more effective and reliable than nut and bolt fasteners or rivets, but it requires a more skilled welder.
Engineering bolts are highly tensioned, clamping parts of a connection tightly and thus achieving an appropriate load capacity. Consequently, for convenient computation of load capacity, the clamping force and resulting friction are resolved as shear.
The design of a connection with bolts may be complex, with many variables affecting decisions about selection. They include economy of fabrication and erection, inspection criteria, labor supply, and such design considerations as fatigue, size and type of connections, continuity of framing, reuse, and maintenance.
Bolted joints should be secure and capable of resisting varying service loads without slipping or delamination. This can be achieved by specifying clamp force based on the actual elongation of the bolts during installation. This is the most accurate method, so engineers prefer to use this rather than other methods such as torque or turn of nut. This also ensures a more consistent installation process, which can lead to reduced bolted joint problems over time.
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